Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine
https://iberoamjmed.com/article/doi/10.53986/ibjm.2026.0022
Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine
Review

Neuroplasticity Mechanism in Post-Stroke Language Recovery

Mecanismo de la neuroplasticidad en la recuperación del lenguaje después de un accidente cerebrovascular

Gulnora Kutpitdinovna Rakhmatullaeva, Aziza Shavkatovna Kadirova, Sirojjon Kakhramonovich Botirov

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Abstract

Introduction: Recovery from post-stroke aphasia is highly variable. A central clinical dilemma is that existing neuroplasticity models offer conflicting predictions: the vicariation model recommends recruiting contralesional right-hemisphere regions, while the interhemispheric competition model advocates inhibiting them. This disconnect directly impacts neuromodulation decisions.
Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on neuroplasticity mechanisms in aphasia recovery and proposes a clinically applicable framework to reconcile competing models.
Results: The bimodal balance–recovery model integrates both frameworks by demonstrating that the optimal strategy depends on structural reserve. Patients with preserved ipsilesional white matter integrity (e.g., arcuate fasciculus) benefit from facilitatory ipsilesional stimulation. Those with extensive left-hemisphere damage may require contralesional compensation. Recent meta-analyses indicate that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with language therapy produces moderate improvements in naming and repetition (standardized mean difference (SMD) ≈ 0.7). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows small-to-moderate additive effects. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based assessment of white matter integrity is emerging as a key biomarker for treatment personalization.
Conclusions: No universal recovery mechanism exists. Recovery involves molecular plasticity, structural remodeling, functional network reorganization, and experience-dependent adaptation. The bimodal balance–recovery model currently offers the most clinically useful framework. We recommend integrating neuroimaging biomarkers to guide personalized neuromodulation, combining either ipsilesional facilitation or contralesional compensation with intensive speech-language therapy. This framework is most directly applicable to chronic non-fluent and anomic aphasias; however, further validation is needed for patients with severe global aphasia.

Keywords

Aphasia; Stroke; Neuronal plasticity; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Diffusion tensor imaging; Language recovery; Neuromodulation; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Resumen

Introducción: La recuperación de la afasia post-ictus es muy variable. Un dilema clínico fundamental es que los modelos de neuroplasticidad existentes ofrecen predicciones contradictorias: el modelo de vicariación recomienda activar las regiones contralaterales del hemisferio derecho, mientras que el modelo de competencia interhemisférica aboga por su inhibición. Esta discrepancia influye directamente en las decisiones de neuromodulación.
Objetivo: Esta revisión sintetiza la evidencia actual sobre los mecanismos de neuroplasticidad en la recuperación de la afasia y propone un marco clínicamente aplicable para conciliar los modelos contrapuestos.
Resultados: El modelo bimodal de equilibrio-recuperación integra ambos marcos al demostrar que la estrategia óptima depende de la reserva estructural. Los pacientes con integridad preservada de la sustancia blanca ipsilesional (p. ej., fascículo arqueado) se benefician de la estimulación ipsilesional facilitadora. Aquellos con daño extenso en el hemisferio izquierdo pueden requerir compensación contralesional. Metaanálisis recientes indican que la estimulación magnética transcraneal repetitiva (EMTr) combinada con terapia del lenguaje produce mejoras moderadas en la denominación y la repetición (diferencia de medias estandarizada (DME) ≈ 0,7). La estimulación transcraneal con corriente continua (ETCC) muestra efectos aditivos de leves a moderados. La evaluación de la integridad de la sustancia blanca mediante imágenes de tensor de difusión (ITD) se perfila como un biomarcador clave para la personalización del tratamiento.
Conclusiones: No existe un mecanismo de recuperación universal. La recuperación implica plasticidad molecular, remodelación estructural, reorganización de la red funcional y adaptación dependiente de la experiencia. El modelo bimodal de equilibrio-recuperación ofrece actualmente el marco más útil desde el punto de vista clínico. Recomendamos integrar biomarcadores de neuroimagen para guiar la neuromodulación personalizada, combinando la facilitación ipsilesional o la compensación contralesional con terapia intensiva del habla y el lenguaje. Este marco es más directamente aplicable a las afasias crónicas no fluidas y anómicas; sin embargo, se requiere una mayor validación para pacientes con afasia global grave.

Palabras clave

Afasia; Ictus; Plasticidad neuronal; Estimulación magnética transcraneal; Imagen por tensor de difusión; Recuperación del lenguaje; Neuromodulación; Estimulación magnética transcraneal repetitiva

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Submitted date:
07/02/2026

Reviewed date:
08/05/2026

Accepted date:
09/02/2026

Publication date:
09/04/2026

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