1. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924.
2. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020; 579(7798):265-9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3.
3. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptons of Coronavirus. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html (accessed June 2020)
5. World Health Organization. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Available from: https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/ (accessed June 2020)
6. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ (accessed June 2020)
7. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation report-133. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. (accessed June 2020)
8. Ahmadi L, Mirza M, Shahmir F. The volatile constituents of Artemisia marschaliana Sprengel and its secretory elements. Flavour Fragr J. 2002;17:141-3. doi: 10.1002/ffj.1055.
9. Bezić N, Samanić I, Dunkić V, Besendorfer V, Puizina J. Essential oil composition and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence variability of four South-Croatian Satureja species (Lamiaceae). Molecules. 2009;14(3):925-38. doi: 10.3390/molecules14030925.
10. Ciccarelli D, Garbari F, Pagni AM. The flower of Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae): Secretory structures, unicellular papillae, and their ecological role. Flora. 2008;203(1):85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2007.01.002.
11. Gershenzon J. Metabolic costs of terpenoid accumulation in higher plants. J Chem Ecol. 1994;20(6):1281-1328. doi: 10.1007/BF02059810.
12. Bowles EJ. The Chemistry of Aromatherapeutic Oils. 3rd ed. Griffin Press; 2003.
13. Gupta V, Mittal P, Bansal P, Khokra SL, Kaushik D. Pharmacological Potential of Matricaria recutita. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2010;2(1):12-6.
14. Martín A, Varona S, Navarrete A Cocero MJ. Encapsulation and Co-Precipitation Processes with Supercritical Fluids: Applications with Essential Oils. Open Chem Engin J. 2010;4:31-41. doi: 10.2174/1874123101004010031.
15. Abdelouaheb D. Amadou D. The Therapeutic Benefits of Essential Oils. In: Bouayed J. Nutrition, Well-Being and Health. InTech Open; 2012:155-78.
16. Griffin SG, Wyllie SG, Markham JL, Leach DN. The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour Frag J. 1999;14:322-32. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199909/10)14:5<322::AID-FFJ837>3.0.CO;2-4.
17. Halder D, Barik RK, Dasgupta S, Deb RS. Aroma Therapy of healing; An art of healing. Indian Res J Pharm Sci. 2018;17:1540-58. doi: 10.21276/irjps.2018.5.3.2.
18. Margaris N, Koedam A, Vokou D. Aromatic Plants: basic and applied aspects. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1982.
19. Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003;113(1):15-38. doi: 10.1080/00207450390161903.
20. Adorjan B, Buchbauer G. Biological properties of essential oils: an updated review. Flavour Fragr J. 2010;25: 407-26. doi: 10.1002/ffj.2024.
21. Baser KHC, Buchbauer G. Handbook of essential oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2010.
22. Buchbauer G. Molecular interaction: biological effects and modes of action of essential oils. Int J Aromather. 1993;5:11-4.
23. Johnson AJ. Cognitive facilitation following intentional odor exposure. Sensors (Basel). 2011;11(5):5469-88. doi: 10.3390/s110505469.
24. Shibamoto K, Mochizuki M, Kusuhara M. Aroma Therapy in Anti-Aging Medicine. Anti-Aging Med. 2010;7(6):55-9. doi: 10.3793/jaam.7.55.
25. Buchbauer G. The detailed analysis of essential oils leads to the understanding of their properties. Perfumer and flavourist. 2000;25:64-7.
26. Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Jäger W, Plank C, Dietrich H. Fragrance compounds and essential oils with sedative effects upon inhalation. J Pharm Sci. 1993;82(6):660-4. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600820623.
27. Koo BS, Park KS, Ha JH, Park JH, Lim JC, Lee DU. Inhibitory effects of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Acorus gramineus on central nervous system. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26(7):978-82. doi: 10.1248/bpb.26.978.
28. Koo BS, Lee SI, Ha JH, Lee DU. Inhibitory effects of the essential oil from SuHeXiang Wan on the central nervous system after inhalation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004;27(4):515-9. doi: 10.1248/bpb.27.515.
29. Hossain SJ, Aoshima H, Koda H, Kiso Y. Fragrances in oolong tea that enhance the response of GABAA receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68(9):1842-8. doi: 10.1271/bbb.68.1842.
30. Kagawa D, Jokura H, Ochiai R, Tokimitsu I, Tsubone H. The sedative effects and mechanism of action of cedrol inhalation with behavioral pharmacological evaluation. Planta Med. 2003;69(7):637-641. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-41114.
31. Yamada K, Mimaki Y, Sashida Y. Effects of inhaling the vapor of Lavandula burnatii super-derived essential oil and linalool on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), catecholamine and gonadotropin levels in experimental menopausal female rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(2):378-9. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.378.
32. Barocelli E, Calcina F, Chiavarini M, et al. Antinociceptive and gastroprotective effects of inhaled and orally administered Lavandula hybrida Reverchon "Grosso" essential oil. Life Sci. 2004;76(2):213-23. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.008.
33. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Denkova Z. Antimicrobial testing and gaschromatographic analysis of pure oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineol, alpha-terpineol, terpene-4-ol and camphor as well as target compounds in essential oils of pine (Pinus pinaster) rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Sci Pharm 2005;73(1):27-39. doi: 10.3797/scipharm.aut-05-03.
34. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94(3):223-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022.
35. Dadalioglu I, Evrendilek GA. Chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(26):8255-60. doi: 10.1021/jf049033e.
36. Nguefack J, Budde BB, Jakobsen M. Five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon: their antibacterial activity and ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Listeria innocua examined by flow cytometry. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004;39(5):395-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01587.x.
37. Peñalver P, Huerta B, Borge C, Astorga R, Romero R, Perea A. Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family. APMIS. 2005;113(1):1-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130101.x.
38. Gaysinsky S, Davidson PM, Bruce BD, Weiss J. Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes by carvacrol and eugenol encapsulated in surfactant micelles. J Food Prot. 2005;68(12):2559-66. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2559.
39. Nevas M, Korhonen AR, Lindström M, Turkki P, Korkeala H. Antibacterial efficiency of Finnish spice essential oils against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. J Food Prot. 2004;67(1):199-202. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.199.
40. Yengopal V. The use of essential oil mouthwashes as preprocedural rinses for infection control. SADJ. 2004;59(6):247-50.
41. Hennessy B, Joyce A. A survey of preprocedural antiseptic mouth rinse use in Army dental clinics. Mil Med. 2004;169(8):600-3. doi: 10.7205/milmed.169.8.600.
42. Alviano WS, Mendonça-Filho RR, Alviano DS, Bizzo HT, Souto-Padrón T, Rodrigues ML. Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms. Oral Microbial Immunol. 2005;20(2):101-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2004.00201.x.
43. Baqui AA, Kelley JI, Jabra-Rizk MA, Depaola LG, Falkler WA, Meiller TF. In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(7):610-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028007610.x.
44. Sinico C, De Logu A, Lai F, Valenti D, Manconi M, Loy G, et al. Liposomal incorporation of Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil and in vitro antiviral activity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005;59(1):161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.06.005.
45. Allahverdiyev A, Duran N, Ozguven M, Koltas S. Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(7-8):657-61. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.07.014.
46. Bordia A. Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(10):2100-3. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.10.2100.
47. Lahlou S, Interaminense Lde F, Leal-Cardoso JH, Morais SM, Duarte GP. Cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum leaves in rats: role of the autonomic nervous system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;31(4):219-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.03976.x.
48. Deyama T, Horiguchi T. Studies on the components of essential oil (Eugenia caryophylatta Thumberg). Yakugaku Zasshi .1971;91(12):1383-6. doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.91.12_1383.
49. DeAngelis LM. Brain tumors. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(2):114-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200101113440207.
50. Tan P, Zhong W, Cai W. Clinical study on treatment of 40 cases of malignant brain tumour by elemene emulsion injection. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2000;20(9):645-8.
51. Loutrari H, Hatziapostolou M, Skouridou V, et al. Perillyl alcohol is an angiogenesis inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;311(2):568-75. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.070516.
52. Moteki H, Hibasami H, Yamada Y, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Komiya T. Specific induction of apoptosis by 1,8-cineole in two human leukemia cell lines, but not a in human stomach cancer cell line. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(4):757-60.
53. de Sousa AC, Alviano DS, Blank AF, Alves PB, Alviano CS, Gattass CR. Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004;56(5):677-81. doi: 10.1211/0022357023321.
54. Li Y, Li M, Wang L. Induction of apoptosis of cultured hepatocarcinoma cell by essential oil of Artemisia Annul L. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2004;35(3):337-9.
55. Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(2):349-60. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22236.x.
56. Cheng J, Chang G, Wu W. A controlled clinical study between hepatic arterial infusions with embolized Curcuma aromatic oil and chemical drugs in treating primary liver cancer. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2001;21(3):165-7.
57. Buhagiar JA, Podesta MT, Wilson AP, Micallef MJ, Ali S. The induction of apoptosis in human melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines using an essential oil extract from the conifer Tetraclinis articulata. Anticancer Res. 1999;19(6B):5435-43.
58. Isman MB, Koul O, Luczynski A. Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of Neem oils and their relationship to Azadiractin content. J Agric Food Chem. 1990; 38(6):1406-7. doi: 10.1021/jf00096a024.
59. Dale D, Saradamma K. Insect antifeedant action of some essential oils. Pesticides. 1981;15,21-2.
60. Smet H, Van Mellaert H, Rans M. The effect on mortality and reproduction of β-asarone vapours on two insect species of stored grain. Med Fac Landbonwet Rijksuniv Gent. 1987;51:1197-203.
61. Barry BW. Lipid-protein-partitioning theory of skin penetration enhancement. J Control Release. 1991;15(3):237-48. doi: 10.1016/0168-3659(91)90115-T.
62. Higaki K, Amnuilkit C, Kimura T. Strategies for overcoming the stratum corneum: chemical and physical approaches. Am J Drug Deliv. 2003; 1:187-214.
63. Narishetty ST, Panchagnula R. Transdermal delivery of zidovudine: effect of terpenes and their mechanism of action. J Control Release. 2004;95(3):367-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.022.
64. Kanikkannan N, Andega S, Burton S, Babu RJ, Singh M. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of transdermal patches of melatonin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2004;30(2):205-12. doi: 10.1081/ddc-120028716.
65. Thomas NS, Panchagnula R. Combination strategies to enhance transdermal permeation of zidovudine (AZT). Pharmazie. 2003;58(12):895-8.
66. Monti D, Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Najarro M, Saettone MF, Boldrini E. Effect of different terpene-containing essential oils on permeation of estradiol through hairless mouse skin. Int J Pharm. 2002;237(1-2):209-4. doi: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00032-7.
67. De Clercq E. Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol. 2004;30(2):115-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.02.009.
68. Chattopadhyay D, Naik TN. Antivirals of ethnomedicinal origin: structure-activity relationship and scope. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2007;7(3):275-301. doi: 10.2174/138955707780059844.
69. Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro 'proof-of-concept'. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):290-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.003.
70. Harvey AL. Natural products as a screening resource. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2007;11(5):480-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.012.
71. Fierascu RC, Fierascu I, Ortan A, Georgiev MI, Sieniawska E. Innovative Approaches for Recovery of Phytoconstituents from Medicinal/Aromatic Plants and Biotechnological Production. Molecules. 2020;25(2):309. doi: 10.3390/molecules25020309.
72. Mickymaray S. Efficacy and Mechanism of Traditional Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds against Clinically Important Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(4):257. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics8040257.
73. Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery. Metabolites. 2019;9(11):258. doi: 10.3390/metabo9110258.
74. Búfalo MC, Figueiredo AS, de Sousa JP, Candeias JM, Bastos JK, Sforcin JM. Anti-poliovirus activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia and propolis by cell viability determination and real-time PCR. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;107(5):1669-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04354.x.
75. Mukhtar M, Arshad M, Ahmad M, Pomerantz RJ, Wigdahl B, Parveen Z. Antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. Virus Res. 2008;131(2):111-20. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.09.008.
76. Chouhan S, Sharma K, Guleria S. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils-Present Status and Future Perspectives. Medicines (Basel). 2017;4(3):58. doi: 10.3390/medicines4030058.
77. D'agostino M, Tesse N, Frippiat JP, Machouart M, Debourgogne A. Essential Oils and Their Natural Active Compounds Presenting Antifungal Properties. Molecules. 2019;24(20):3713. doi: 10.3390/molecules24203713.
78. Boukhatem MN, Ferhat MA, Kameli A, Saidi F, Kebir HT. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan J Med. 2014;9:25431. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v9.25431.
79. Battistini R, Rossini I, Ercolini C, Goria M, Callipo MR, Maurella C, et al Activity of Essential Oils Against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits. Food Environ Virol. 2019;11(1):90-95. doi: 10.1007/s12560-019-09367-3.
80. Brand YM, Roa-Linares VC, Betancur-Galvis LA, Durán-García DC, Stashenko E. Antiviral Activity of Colombian Labiatae and Verbenaceae Family Essential oils and Monoterpenes on Human Herpes Viruses. J Essent Oil Res. 2016;28:130-7. doi: 10.1080/10412905.2015.1093556.
81. Álvarez DM, Castillo E, Duarte LF, Arriagada J, Corrales N, Farías MA, et al Current Antivirals and Novel Botanical Molecules Interfering With Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:139. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00139.
82. Sökmen M, Serkedjieva J, Daferera D, Gulluce M, Polissiou M, Tepe B, et al. In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of Origanum acutidens. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(11):3309-12. doi: 10.1021/jf049859g.
83. Seidakhmetova RB, Beisenbaeva AA, Atazhanova GA, Suleimenov EM, Pak RN, Kulyyasov AT, et al. Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil from Artemisia glabella. Pharm Chem J. 2002;36:135-8.
84. Hayashi K, Kamiya M, Hayashi T. Virucidal effects of the steam distillate from Houttuynia cordata and its components on HSV-1, influenza virus, and HIV. Planta Med. 1995;61(3):237-41. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958063.
85. Öğütçü H, Sökmen A, Sökmen M, Polissiou M, Serkedjieva J, Daferera D, et al. Bioactivities of the Various Extracts and Essential Oils of Salvia limbata CA Mey. and Salvia sclarea L. Turk J Biol. 2008;32(3):181-92.
86. Minami M, Kita M, Nakaya T, Yamamoto T, Kuriyama H, Imanishi J. The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 2003;47(9):681-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03431.x.
87. Cermelli C, Fabio A, Fabio G, Quaglio P. Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses. Curr Microbiol. 2008;56(1):89-92. doi: 10.1007/s00284-007-9045-0.
88. Wang KC, Chang JS, Chiang LC, Lin CC. 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus in a human larynx carcinoma cell line. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(9):882-6. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.02.016.
89. Ross SA, El Sayed KA, El Sohly MA, Hamann MT, Abdel-Halim OB, Ahmed AF, et al. Phytochemical analysis of Geigeria alata and Francoeuria crispa essential oils. Planta Med. 1997;63(5):479-82. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957743.
90. Meneses R, Ocazionez RE, Martínez JR, Stashenko EE. Inhibitory effect of essential oils obtained from plants grown in Colombia on yellow fever virus replication in vitro. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2009;8:8. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-8-8.
91. Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J. Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1859-62. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00426-06.
92. Loizzo MR, Saab AM, Tundis R, Statti GA, Menichini F, Lampronti I, et al. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species. Chem Biodivers. 2008;5(3):461-70. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.200890045.
93. Wen CC, Kuo YH, Jan JT, Liang PH, Wang SY, Liu HG, et al. Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Med Chem. 2007;50(17):4087-95. doi: 10.1021/jm070295s.
94. Ulasli M, Gurses SA, Bayraktar R, Yumrutas O, Oztuzcu S, Igci M, et al. The effects of Nigella sativa (Ns), Anthemis hyalina (Ah) and Citrus sinensis (Cs) extracts on the replication of coronavirus and the expression of TRP genes family. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(3):1703-11. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3019-7.